TACN 3

ESP ESSAYS
Company structure
• Explain the reasons why the organisational structure in any business is important
Introduction
Although the organizational structure has appeared for several recently years, it become a common trend in any business. To explain this situation, this essay will point out some reasons.
Body:
• Paragraph 1: Organizational structure play an importance role in controlling company.
• Staff can determine clearly the people who they need to report their work to, so the managers control their company easily.
• For example, if a big company, which has a large workforce, do not have an organizational structure, it will be very difficult for the manager to manage their employee. They control all activities off their staff and it can make the harm for the company.
• Paragraph 2: the process of carrying out the plan is smoother if your company is organized.
• While your company divided into many small groups, each group will be responsible for one part of producing process. Manufacturing process will carry out follow a production line and it become more specialize.
• So we can save the cost of generating.

• Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer?  Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
One of the most controversial issues today relates to whether working in a large or a small company is a better option. From my everyday experience and observation, I believe that a large corporation offers more opportunities to their employees than a small one.
Firstly, the main reason for believing this is that it provides more opportunities for developmentsuch as having international travels, and education. For instance, one of the most well-known Hungarian multinational companies offered their employees a free language course to increase their level of English. Moreover, acquiring new knowledge is beneficial not only for the employees, but also for the firm in general. In order to accomplish that, companies obviously have to give professional training to skilled workers who are competent enough to achieve success in both the national and international markets. From this point of view, working for a large corporation seems to be more advantageous.
Secondly, there is no doubt that spending valuable years at a well-known firm can be a huge benefit in the labour market if one decides to apply for another job. For example, employers generally favor applicants with strong references and experience over those who worked for small unknown businesses and participated in only small-scale projects . In fact, those who are working in a large-scale project, having the opportunity to be in a remarkable team and contributing to significant projects will have more respects in the labour market. Thus, it must be acknowledged that working for a multinational corporation or just a large national company is a huge advantage.
However, there are some negative points as well. In large companies, there are lots of rules that you have to obey, such as formal clothing, working hours, exact time of arrival and exit. When companies grow up and become large and famous, their rules and responsibilities would increase and become more complicated. For instance, sometimes you have to wait for manager’s approval to get one day off for a long time.
In conclusion, the mentioned reasons and examples have clearly shown that large firms undoubtedly provide their employees with more opportunities either from the view of development or from the view of labor market.
In short, choosing a work place needs a thoughtful attitude. Each person can decide to work for different companies with various situations and qualities and it depends on their personality. Each job has some difficulties that each person should deal with, to gain what they want.

Management and culture diversity
• Differences between countries become less evident each year. Nowadays, all over the world people share the same fashions, advertising, brands, eating habits and TV channels. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of this?
Introduction:
It is true that globalization has changed the way of life of people around the globe. As a result, many aspects of culture are becoming increasingly similar. Although some might think it has benefits. I would agree that there are more drawbacks.
Body:
On the one hand, the globalisation of fashion, brands, eating habits and other areas of culture has some benefits.  Firstly, it can increase the knowledge and information of a layman about other cultures. Secondly, the globe has become a small village, thanks to technology like internet and satellites which brought this world so close. Finally, people have more choices than ever before.
On the other hand, I believe that the disadvantages of cultural globalisation are even more significant.  It can cause loss of cultural identity. Essence of cultural diversity is disappearing. Only few brands like Nike will occupy the big market share means a big threat to traditional skills of local manufacturers as well. Unemployment and gap between different nation’s economies will increase in some way.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it seems to me that the drawbacks of globalisation, in terms of cultural habits such as the clothes we wear or the foods we eat, do outweigh the benefits.


In some countries, young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.
  The benefits of taking a year off are plentiful. On a personal level, students who travel away from home develop their independence and self-confidence. On a cultural level, they learn about viewpoints, traditions and perspectives different from their own. Professionally, students get a taste of diverse workplaces, which might inspire a possible career interest. Intellectually, they examine their own beliefs and ideas in relation to those of others in a new environment. All these advantages combine to make a strong case for taking the one-year break.
  However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.
  In conclusion, whether to take a year-long break or not is an individual decision. Each young person should consider his or her motivations carefully and decide on what’s most desirable. Time is a precious resource and people of all ages, including young people, should treat it with respect.
• As mass communication and transport continue to grow, societies are becoming more and more alike leading to a phenomenon known as globalization. Some people fear that globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural identity. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Bài 1
Globalization means that in some ways people around the world are becoming more and more similar. We often eat the same food, watch the same TV programmes, listen to the same music and we wear the same clothes. Some of this at least can be blamed on the spread of multinational brands available all over the world.
On the surface, it may appear as if the global diversity of cultural identities is being lost. If, the argument goes, people in Tokyo and London look and dress the same, then that must mean that cultural differences are disappearing. However, I would argue that this is a very narrow definition of culture and that in fact cultural differences are as present as ever.
Cultural Identity is built on far more than just the films we watch or the jeans we wear. The foundation of cultural identity is shared values. When you look in detail at different cultures, you realize that the things that are important to one culture can be very different from the things valued by another culture.
Take my own culture, India, as an example and compare it to a very different culture, Japan. Although I have never visited Japan personally, I believe that it is a culture which places a lot of value on hard work and that people often work very long hours. The Indian people, in contrast, greatly value their leisure time and strive to spend as much lime with their family as they possibly can. Even if we consume the same products, I would argue that there are still some very deep-rooted differences.
To summarize, I do not accept that that total loss of cultural identity is inevitable, despite the influence of large companies and their products around the globe.
(294 words)

Bài 2:
Some people say that our societies are becoming more similar because of growing mass communication and transport system, and such globalization triggers us to lose our cultural identity. Nonetheless, I would mostly disagree with this view. Globalization does not affect our cultural identity as much as people think it would.

Admittedly, I consider that widespread mass communication technology such as the Internet and transport have enabled us to share and mix our cultures, and it could make our societies look more alike. For example, fast food restaurants like McDonald's and café represented by Starbucks are everywhere in the world. Those businesses are apparently so popular in many countries that local businesses, which have more traditional style, have been suffering to survive. From this instance, I would have to say that globalization can alter our values and change our societies for sure.

Having said that, I am more convinced that globalization cannot destroy our cultural identity because it is something older generations have passed us without cease. Take for example, events such as New Years Day. In Japan, where I am from, New Years Day is a day to welcome new year with family. We have many traditional things to do on that day. On the other hand, it does not have much cultural meaning for people from western countries. Although Japan has become more like western countries in its life style, we still do not go out for a party but spend the special day with our family. It shows that we do not lose our cultural identity or tradition because of globalization.
Cultural Identity is built on far more than just the films we watch or the jeans we wear but a . The foundation of cultural identity is shared values. When you look in detail at different cultures, you realize that the things that are important to one culture can be very different from the things valued by another culture.
Take my own culture, .........(đoạn này là ví dụ)

Taking everything into consideration, I believe that globalization surely has brought changes to our societies, yet it cannot lead to the total loss of our cultural identity.


When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programmes) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?
nowadayss, almost contries in the world are globalizing and international media is a impotant ( công cụ). When international media (including movies, fashion shows,advertisements and other TV programmes) convey the same messagesto the global audience, people argue that the expansion of internationalmedia has negative impacts on cultural diversity. in my opinion, i totally agree with that view.
First of all, when doing transmission of ideas, meaning and values across many cultures, international media may send misunderstanding messages to audiences of different cultures. Indeed, they may do not fit in withthe idea because what you want to say is that they harm the authentic features ofexisting cultures.
 In addition to it affects the perceptions, beliefs and norms ofordinary citizens in different countries. For instance, many American films canbring racism when showing in Africa countries.
 Morover, this may leads to theyoung people to break culture of their own country. More and more young Asianpeople like fastfood or Western foods instead of traditional meals. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuableheritage to future generation, including lifestyle. As shown above, it is important toconsider when using international media.
inconclude,...


• Some people think using cultural heritage to develop international tourism is wrong. Others think that is the only way to protect cultural heritage. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Intro
Cultural heritage is one of the essential elements to boost international tourism. Therefore, as a symbol of cultural identity in a particular country, different countries advocate (ung ho) international cultural tourism in order to attract foreign visitors. Hearing some environmental activists concern about the negatives brought by international tourism, much worry arouse in my heart as well in terms of commercial sweeping and the damage of cultural heritage.
Body
1. A large number of visitors travel for cultural heritage open more opportunity to develop commercial business, such as fast-food shop and coffee shop, around the cultural relics for high profits. However, excessive commercial atmosphere pose a great threat to culture protection as travelers carry the beverages with them when they travel and abandon them as they please.

2. Promoting the tourism of cultural heritage, however, may appeal to a variety of visitors whose behavior may damage the indigenous nature environment.
On the other hand, Only if the cultural heritage maintain well, the local economy could gain a dramatic increase.

Conclusion
Cultural heritage, a piece of identity card of a country, is used for develop international tourism, which is definitely reasonable. But I argue that the emphasis on the protection of cultural relic is more significant.


Marketing
• Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

As our society progresses, we enjoy a higher quality of quality of life and a stronger purchasing ability. What product we decide to buy responds to our own real needs, but it is also influenced by the bombardment of advertising.

We must acknowledge that success would not eventually follow by just inventing the product. It has to be introduced to the society through certain means of advertising. Therefore many companies provide major share of their budget for introducing the new product to the society. This shows the importance of advertising in determining the success of a product. In fact, there are many products which meet the requirements of the society, but failed to provide fruitful results due to lack of proper knowledge about the product in the society.

Nevertheless, people would not buy any product if it does not meet their needs. During the initial period, when a new product is introduced, high sales of the product may be because of advertising. But, as the time proceeds people would be reluctant to buy the product if does not serve their purpose which would eventually result in failure of the product. Moreover, the needs of people are not constant over a period of time. Therefore many companies give equal importance for inventing new products based on the current needs of people in the society.

By considering these factors I would like to conclude that inventing a new product is equally important to advertising the product to the society, however the former wins a slight advantage in comparison. Therefore high sales of consumer goods are largely as a result of meeting the requirements of the society not just because of intensive advertising.

• Advertising is all around us; it is an unavoidable part of everyone’s life. Some people say that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is a negative one. What is your opinion? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Advertising and its influences on our lives have been a debatable discussion for a long time. Some people think that advertising brings us great benefits while others have an opposite opinion. In my point of view, advertising is really positive if we can control it effectively.
  Admitedly, advertising is all around us in daily life, from rural to urban, from work to home, It is becoming more and more popular in the modern society, especially in the economy. First of all, it is an essential step of the production for manufacturers to launch and public their products. Commercials, which are in many forms such as billboards, leaflets, testimonials, are created to introduce goods or services to people and stimulate them to buy those products. The more effective the advertising strategies companies use, the more customers they gain. It helps businesses sell more products and therefore make more profits. Furthermore, it is the background of the process of trading and marketing. If there were no advertising, our economy could not expand, as a result, our social could not develop.
  Much as I have considerable sympathy with the people saying that advertising is positive to our lives, I have to mention about some disadvantages coming from this. In fact, the target of most businesses is maximizing profit, therefore the advertisements on their products are often exaggerated in order to sell goods as much as possible. This can cause people to desire something unnecessary or completely useless. Another problem is controlling advertising which is aimed at children who have little experience or knowledge, otherwise it has bad effect on our future generations. An illustration of this is game-online advertisements, which encourage children to spend several hours a day to complete missions and receive prizes. It is one of principal reasons children do not concentrate on their studies as well as health.
    All in all, regardless of any points to the contrary, I can finally conclude that advertising are really helpful if we have measure to control it effectively. Advertisment infomation have to be selected and duration of advertising should be limited. On balance, advertising can bring significant benefits to our economy and society.


• Do you think that ‘word of mouth’ is the best method of advertising?

There are many ways to introduce products to consumers. Many people said
that “ word of mouth” is not the best method of advertising while other people
believe that “ word of mouth” is the best way to make everyone remember
product’s name. In my opinion, I totally agree with the latter view.
First, advertising by “ word of mouth” is not expensive. If you choose
advertisement by TV or internet, you will pay a large number of money, but,
when you use “ word of mouth”, you will have to just pay less money, even
you do not have to pay any amount. Especially, if your company own small
capital, “ word of mouth” is the best solution for you.
Second, advertising by “ word of mouth” is quite simplier than other method.
You need not use procedures or sign contracts. All thing you need is a
good campaign to carry out advertising by “ word of mouth”. You can make
impress..
Although “Word of mouth” advertising is difficult to control and measure
but I still choose it because this kind of advertising can spread quickly and be
highly influential in purchase decisions. Think about the last film you went to
see, the last car you bought or the area you live in. Chances are you arrived
at those choices due to a personal recommendation from a friend or trusted
acquaintance.
inconclude,...
• What makes an effective advertisement?
EX1:
Introduce:
To increase profit, the company has to focus on developing marketing campaigns and one of these is advertising. How to have a good advertising? The factors which make an effective advertisement will be introduced following.
Body:
• Paragraph 1:  an effective advertisement is one which can attract the people’s attention immediately.
• To achieve that, it need to have a unique image and a powerful headline, which should not large than nine or ten words.
• For example, Mc Donald advertises its milk product by an image with a cow standing on the tarpaulin bad. This advertisement is very exciting and it can make good impression to the customer.
• Paragraph 2: your messages transferred through the advertisement should be clear.
• The words you used to explain your advertising purpose ought to be simple and similar with the daily life.
• While you display your product, you should speak loudly. The louder you say, the more people hear and understand what you say. By this way, your ads will be received easily by the customer.
• Paragraph 3: your product can be known largely if you advertise it by using the humor.
• If a famous person appears in your ads, the audience can pay more attention in it. It because that a famous person always has a large number of fans and they are interesting in any activity of their idol.
• As a result, ads with the famous people help your product become popular with the consumer.
EX2:
That can be hard, especially today when people are going to be more careful with what they are buying. That is why it is important for an advertisement to be effective. Below is some principles of what an effective advertisement should consists of.
First of all, good advertisement must grab people almost immediately. It is very important that your ad can be able to grab someone who glances for just a second. Force people to take a second glance instead of simply moving on.
Next, it is very important to be clever in an ad campaign to attracts people and represents the brand in a positive way. A “loud” advertisement isn’t just a big one, though. Nevertheless, depending on the ad, you usually want your colors to pop. Color choice is a very important aspect of advertisements. Every company and brand has it’s own mood or tone. Someone should be able to tell the company’s tone by looking at an ad.
Finally, one of the common guidelines, especially in web design, is not to make people think. You need to get the message across in a clever way, but it shouldn’t make people think too much. Then, every advertisement must convey a message. Being unique and memorable are two essential components of a good ad. Be original. Humor is also a useful technique for attracting people to an ad. Humor is not always appropriate, and sometimes it just doesn’t work for the brand or company.
In conclusion, keep in mind that there are many different types of advertisements, and not all of these tips apply to every ad. Create your own ad and keep everyone impossible to forget.

• In what ways can producers or retailers try to persuade customers to try new products?
Ex1:
Getting the attention of new customers is one story, and motivating them to try your product is another. New customers are kind of critical and careful. They don’t easily give in to claims, they need proof, they look for quality, and they operate on the word trust. So yes, persuading your new customers entails some real hard work and a lot of effort. And to help you, here are some ways to encourage new customers to give your product a try.
Give free samples. You are not losing anything when you are giving away free samples. The truth is that it is an investment. It’s like telling your customers you are confident of your product and you would like them to experience it for themselves. If they are satisfied, they are likely to come and buy from you. And in the end, you receive much more than you initially gave away. You might see it as a form of risk, but here’s the thing: successful businesses did and still do give away free samples. They trust their products that much that they aren’t worried about not getting anything in return.
Offer related services. Customers sometimes want extra services to go with the product, so make sure you have one to even more encourage your customers. For instance, offer free or low rate delivery or repair service. But remember this: just because they are extra services, and sometimes free, doesn’t mean they have to be inferior in quality. Commit every part of your business, free and low-rate services included, to quality and excellence.
See to it that the ordering process is easy. People these days are busy and opt to buy things quick. Therefore, make sure your ordering and buying process are uncomplicated. Don’t ask customers to complete too many forms, have them wait in a long queue, or make them deal with one store attendant for every procedure. In other words, come up with a strategy that makes shopping in your store enjoyable, hassle-free, and even fun.
Above all, make sure your product is of high quality and worth the price. Nothing encourages new customers to buy a product better than the product itself.
EX2:
Recently, focusing on creating and implementing a marketing plan that will use persuasion to generate sales, your business idea will be slow in becoming successful. Some people said that promoting customers to try new product is good way to marketing their product and increasing turnover. In my opinion, I totally agree this statement.

Firstly, trying new product helps potential customers having knowledge about product. Due to new customers are kind of critical and careful, they do not easily give in to claims, they need proof, they look for quality, and they operate on the word trust. Give free samples. If they are satisfied, they are likely to come and buy from you. For example, ….

Secondly, after using samples, producers can have feedback from customers. Customer feedback is one of the greatest forms of advertising. In fact, customers are more trustful of it than most forms of advertising. For example …
Last but not least, it is good way to attractive people to new product. They will spread their friends and their family to try free example. The more people are aware of new product, the more ones buy. For example, …
 Pricing
• In your opinion, are prices the only factor that makes people buy products? Give explanation.

With the wide variety of products and services available on the market, consumers have many choices. Although economists all agree that the price of a product or service is a major factor in the consumer decision-making process, it's not the only factor, and it may not always be the deciding factor.
Firstly, there are many  factors play into the buying behavior of the consumer.  People shop for variety of reasons – price is just one of them such as quality, branch, colour,hobby...
Secondly, if price is the only factor that make people purchase products, they will intent to choose the cheapest ones. However, cheap price can have unpredictable psychological effects: buyers may believe that the product is faulty or of lower quality. Similar, expensive price convinces some customers that product must be of high quality. Moreover, if a company implements price cuts, their opponents also can cut price and this situation leads to price war. When price is equipvalent to different branchs, how do you think about customer’s decision?
It is true that for some people price is the most important factor, but not ALL people. This is simply a matter of segmentation.

• Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems. To what extend do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you think might be effective?
Introduction:
With the world’s population explosion, the demand of travelling of the people increases sharply and there are more and more problems about the traffic as well as the environment. Thinking of solution for these problems, many people believe that increasing price of petrol is the best way. I totally agree with this idea and my reason will be introduced following.
Body:
• Paragraph 1: By raising petrol price, we can reduce the number of private vehicles.
• Increasing petrol price causes the increasing cost for travelling if use the private transport means.
•  The people with low or medium salary can chose to use public transportation means instead of private ones.
• As a result, level of carbon dioxide and the amount of traffic jam will be decreased considerably.
• Paragraph 2: in addition, by this way, the natural resources can be saved.
• The higher petrol price is, the less petrol will be used. Therefore, the petroleum exploitations can be cut down. It means that we can save the oil and gas resources.
• Paragraph 3: Besides, to grow transport and pollution problems, we can apply many other factors.
• Plan tree: trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, make the air become fresh.
• Improve the transport system: build headway or overhead bridge to reduce the traffic jam, provide more convenient and regular public transport means to encourage the people to use them -> save the people’s money on petrol, private cars and others.


The costs of medical health care are increasing all the time. Governments are finding it difficult to balance the health care budget. Should citizens be totally responsible for their own health costs and take out private health insurance, or is it better to have a comprehensive health care system which provides free health services for all? Discuss.
There is no doubt that taking out private health insurance or maintaining the free health care system with free health care services, during the period that the price of health care services and variety of medicine keeps increasing and there is no sign of falling down, is an issue of much controversy. The arguments surrounding this issue will hence be discussed in the essay.
There are strong reasons that someone should be encouraged to buy private health care insurance. To begin with, giving free health care services to wealthy people who can afford or even they are willing to pay for good services is a waste of tax payers' money. Secondly, people who pay for insurance premiums have better services which free health care services cannot offer; such as they can select the best hospitals, choose the favored doctors or can stay in convenient patience rooms, .etc. Thirdly, paying insurance fees is one of the practical actions to help to lighten the government's financial burden.
On the other hand, there are also important reasons for remaining free health care systems with free health services; these systems still play an important role in society. For example, it enables people living in poverty or unemployed who cannot afford for dear insurance fees and expensive medical bills to have a way to take care of their health. No matter how poor they are, their rights to access health care system cannot be rejected. However, for those who are working, they should pay a percentage (1% or 2%) of their, even little, income as a tax which pays for the cost of providing "free" health care services. It is also another effective way to help the government.
In conclusion, my point of view is that governments should maintain both private health insurance systems and free medical care systems. The former ones are for people who are willing to pay and the other ones are for people who cannot pay or cannot afford to expensive health care services.


• It is said that “you have what you pay for”. Do you agree/ disagree with this statement?
Introduction: A good customer is aware of  a reasonable price that you must pay for a product.  Many people think that “ you have what you pay for”. Personally, I do not total agree with this statement.
Body:
• The higher money you pay, the better quality you receive. It is not true in case of luxury product.
+ for example: Chanel, LV, Dior,.. known as the ultimate luxury brand for Fashion accessories. Almost product of this brand is priced too high compared with the real cost to produce it.
• The price of product still depend on your ability to haggle with sellers. Therefore, the final price is hardly probable that price equal to quality.
+ for instance:  the real cost of  one pen is 1$, however, the seller can sale 2$. If you agree with this price, I buy at an unfair price. Therefore, 2$ can not show the real quality of this pen.
• Neverthless, A product is priced depend on three basic factor: production and distribution costs, the level of demand and the prices of current and potential competitors. Therefore, nothing you buy is priced too high except for many situation.

• Offering high prices is always good. Do you agree or disagree?

Introduction:
A talented production will always determine the price of their goods so that they can get the most profit. Besides, a wise consumer will choose the product with quality worthy of money they pay for. Moreover, you have what you pay for. It is good if offering high price, isn’t it?
Body:
It will be good for manufactures if their products are widely accepted in the market. This helps to increase profits for them
However, if the products is not good quality, the company will fall into difficulties, even bankruptcy
Conclusion:
Offering high price for the product will be good when the quality of the product matches the price. Its difficult to production in determining their product’s price

• Offering ‘off sales’ is always good. Do you agree or disagree?
disagree nha:
• The effectivity of “off sales” strategy is considerably dependent on different kinds of goods. If demand of the product whose declined price is inelastic, sales remains stable despite any changes in price. for example.......
• It requires a right time of quotation and good financial potential of the manufactures to bring about  possitive impacts of a price cutting action on sales.  For example, [bla bla bla]
• it can be denied that price cutting sometimes enhance firm’s sales. [bla bla bla]. Howerver, (day la counterargue nhe) there are numorous exceptions.  For example, price cuts can have unpredictable psychological effects: buyers may beleive that the product is faulty or of lower quality, or will soon be replaced, or that the firm is going bankrupt, etc. Similarly, price rises convince some customers that product must be of high quality, or will soon become very hard to get hold of, and so on!
• More and more people are becoming overweight. Some people say that increasing the price of unhealthy or high-fat foods will solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
• Intro
•
• Obesity has reached its highest peaks in the last decades, and this growing tendency will continue to develop further due to the excessive current consumption of fattening foods. It has been argued that an increment in the prices of high-fat foods might resolve this unhealthy trend. However, I think that by increasing the prices of those foods little might be altered, as unhealthy, low-cost food is always readily available at local grocery stores and healthful foods are becoming luxury goods these days.

Firstly, an adjustment to the costs of fatty foods will not cause the worse-off to restrict themselves from buying this type of meals. Because they are convenient and easy to be found.

Secondly, fruits, vegetables and fish have turned in[to] luxury goods completely out of reach of many people. Despite the fact that we have always been told by doctors and scientists to consume a wide variety of organic foods, consumption of cheap food will only grow due to the fact that organic markets offer their products at unreasonabl[y] expensive prices.

In summary, an increment in prices of fattening foods will not change this ongoing tendency. Thus, it is clear that high-fat food consumption may become an even greater cultural mainstay with the middle class going for always ready, less expensive food and becoming more obese.


Arbitration
The only way to solve a serious crisis between two nations is by going to war. What is your opinion?
Even though the twentieth century saw two world wars, the threat of war is something which hangs over us all the time, and is particularly acute in times of international crisis, It is my belief that war is not the answer and should only be declared as a last resort. Avoidance is the key word.
    It is a sad fact that war is being waged somewhere in the world every day of the year. Obviously, without disarmament on a global scale this is the way it will always be. Without weapons, countries would not be able to fight but, instead, would be forced to reach a peaceful compromise.
    It seems that it is the world’s superpowers who play an important role in making sure that war is averted. By not abusing their strength, and respecting the rights of minor countries to self-determination many conflicts could be avoided. They should also stay out of the internal affairs of other countries. Disagreeing with the politics of another country does not give the superpowers the right to invade it. It is also their responsibility to halt the arms race by setting the example. For instance, should they themselves dismantle their existing missile systems and put a stop to the testing of nuclear weapons then other countries would be forced to follow suit.
    The importance of setting major disputes such as those regarding a country’s borders or the fair distribution of resources such as oil and water is paramount in preventing some wars from breaking out. Should two countries involved in a dispute fail to resolve the issue, the United Nations, an international organization, should be called in to arbitrate. Any talks will then be conducted through an intermediary body which will assist the countries in reaching a settlement.
    There are those countries though, who feel they can fully justify their reasons for engaging in warfare. Having to overthrow an oppressive regime is just one of them. Another is being forced to defend their land against aggressors. Of course, no country can be expected just to stand by while they are being invaded.
    In conclusion, it appears that we are still a long way from achieving world peace. Although many of us have either witnessed or are aware of the evils of war it seems in some cases to still be the only option. Unfortunately, it is usually the innocent who are forced to pay the price for other people’s selfishness and greed. War is rarely, if ever, the answer and our children should be taught this from an early age through our own example. After all, hate breeds hate.


• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration
Arbitration is a dispute resolution process in which the disputing parties present their case to a third party intermediary who examine all the evidence and then make a decision for the parties. The following are said to be advantages and disadvantages of arbitration.
     There are several advantages of arbitration.  First, it is more flexible than adjudication. The disputants can usually choose their own arbitrator, who can be an expert in the topic in dispute, which a judge seldom is. This makes arbitration especially useful in complex, technical commercial disputes. Second, arbitration is usually much quicker than litigation, especially since the result is binding and not open to appeal as litigation is.  Third, arbitration is private. This avoids the disclosure of trade secrets and potentially embarrassing information.
   The disadvantages of arbitration stem from the same characteristics. Arbitration is adversarial, thus it generally does nothing to create win-win solutions or improve relationships. Often it escalates a conflict, just as court-based adjudication is likely to do. In addition, arbitration takes decision making power away from the parties. This results in a resolution of the current conflict, but does nothing to help the parties learn how to resolve their own conflicts more effectively in the future, as does mediation. Other people also fault arbitration for being too informal and potentially unjust. Only the courts, with their carefully regulated procedures can provide justice, some observers believe.
 Being aware of the pros and cons of arbitration will help you make an informed decision about whether to enter or remain in a consumer transaction that mandates it -- or to choose it as a resolution technique if a dispute arises

• The advantages of arbitration outweigh disadvantages. Do you agree? Discuss
Arbitration and its influences on our lives have been a debatable discussion for a long time. Some people think that arbitration has more advantages than disadvantages. In my opinion, I totally agree with this statement for some reason below.
People find that arbitration agreements ultimately has numerous of benefit. First of all,  the issue is almost always resolved more quickly. For example, many employment disputes can take as long as five years to resolve in the court system while arbitration is scheduled more quickly and is often complete within months.
  Secondly, the details of your claim will remain private. The cases judged in the court could be public, while arbitration will ensure to private your infomation. With none of the contested issues on court records and with a settlement agreement to keep negotiations quiet, no company secrets or organizational "dirty laundry" are aired.
  In contrast, people think that fee of arbitration is always higher than fee of court. But with commercial litigation, arbitration fees are only a fraction of court costs, and settlement fees, if any, paid to the employee are often lower (and in some cases lower by hundreds of thousands of dollars) than a sympathetic jury might have awarded.
  In conclusion, with some strict reasons above, the advatages of arbitration really outweigh disadvantages.

International Trade
• Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you prefer? Explain why
There are many ways to own what you want. Some people pay money for the
things they want or need while Other people trade products or goods for what
they need. I realize that paying money for the things we need is more
advantage. Because of that, I totally agree with the first view.

First, I find that money is so compact that we can bring easily by our side.
This is difference between money and products or goods, money is smaller
than goods. Example, you will find that it is uncomfortable whenyou bring
a cow to market to exchange for clothes, but it is so easy to buy clothes with
money. This is reason I choose money in all my transaction.

Second, one of most important funtions of money is a measure of value. Any
product or good is always equal to amount of money. Example, an iphone is
300$, but you have only an apple. You can not exchange an apple for iphone,

but with 300$, you can own it. Because of that, many people use money in
their transactions.

Although there is always exits inflation, and money is devalued. But, the fact
that money can be easily stored. You can store your money for along time
without caring about damage which storing products or goods can not.
Example, you breed a chicken to exchange for something you want, but
day by day, your chicken will older and die, you can not use it on your
transaction. This is unlike trade goods with money. You do not use your
money, it is still there, can not be older or die.

In concluded, there are many ways to trade products, by money or else
method. But people should choose a method which is suitble with their
condition and saves valuable time and energy.

Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations. However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer nations in such areas.
Some people think that developed countries should help developing countries because of       their lack of money andsocial system. According to research about poverty conducted by the World Bank Group, there are a lot ofdeveloping countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. People live in such countries have little money and areexploited by high income groups from their own countries. Furthermore, in those countries, the average lifespan isbelow 50, and the rate of infant mortality is quite high.
Firstly, in the area of health, poorer nations normally have less doctors and nurses compared to richer nations. High population in poorer countries due to lack of family planning caused the proportion of doctors unbalance to the quantity of resident (hard to follow, rephrase). On top of that, poorer nations are lack of hospitals to fulfill the demand of the patients. To solve these issues, richer nations can contribute by delegating doctors and nurses to these power nations as well as donate money to build hospitals.

Secondly, in the area of education, it is generally agreed that poorer countries often lack of teachers in schools as well as lecturers in higher education institutions. Besides that, education for these countries normally is not free so only  certain group of students can afford it. In order to solve the education manpower problem, richer countries can allocate experienced educators to train more teachers and lecturers in poorer countries. Meanwhile, for the issue of education fee, richer countries should offer scholarships and loan to the qualified students.

Lastly, in the area of trade, no one can deny that poorer countries are lagging behind richer countries due to shortage of money. For example, residents in rural areas still depend on their own farm for food production. As a token of goodwill, richer nations can provide financial service to poorer countries to encourage trading. The former can also give consultation on setting up a complete and efficient transportation infrastructure to support trading.
In my opinion, since external improvement has begun, Donor Countries should take responsibility for improving poorcountries. At the same time, cooperation from both parties is needed for the gradual shift from traditional orders toglobal standards and benefits of developed countries as executors. If people reconsider whether the currentparadigm of "globalism" is acceptable or not for various people including rich and poor people, it may be a step tocreate a better world.


"Free trade cannot be said to be beneficial to all sections of a trading nation. As such, it is necessary for it to be accompanied by an income redistribution policy." Discuss
Income inequality has increased in most advanced and many developing economies over recent decades, reflecting a range of factors including globalization and technological change with free trade. Some people said that government should have policies to redistribute income. In my view, I totally agree with this statement.
Firstly, confiscating the wealth of the more successful people ought to make the rest of the society more prosperous. Having a population with gross inequalities of wealth causes economic inefficiencies. For example, if too many people are too poor there will be limited markets for the output of industry and agriculture. This will limit the growth potential of the economy. Some also argue that excessive wealth produces waste as the rich spend their  money on items which are economically inefficient.
Secondly, it is good way to assure stable, fair and equality in society. When societies get too out of balance social unrest increases, in the most extreme cases this leads to civil disturbance or revolution. This resentment against the wealthy may lead to their death or banishment and the forcible taking of their property. The most popularly cited example is the French revolution, but there are many other cases. Even where the rebellion doesn't succeed the damage to the society may be severe and long lasting.

• "While a country as a whole will gain from trading with other nations, this does not mean that all sections of the community within the country will benefit." Discuss.
Some people say: “While a country as a whole will gain from trading with other nations, this does not mean that all sections of the community within the country will benefit.” In fact, this is true for almost nations.
One reason why the amount of goods and services available to a country at a point in time can increase through trade is because it allows the country to buy goods and services from sources where it costs comparatively less to produce them. Local resources tied up in the production of these goods in the absence of trade are hence liberated so that comparatively more of other goods can be produced. Another reason why trade can increase efficiency is because it allows an expansion of the market for a certain industry beyond the limits of the domestic economy. Through exports, the output of the industry can expand and, if there are economies of scale, the average cost of the industry's products will fall. Furthermore, One more way in which international trade can raise efficiency is through the enhancement of competition. By opening their frontiers to trade, countries force their industries to compete with goods and services produced abroad, and hence to struggle to become competitive and pass on cost reductions to consumers in the form of lower prices.
On the other hand, among the economic arguments for protection the most influential one is that of the infant industry. It is the fact that protection is justified as a temporary measure while a nascent industry develops and comes to the stage where it will be ready to face international competition. Several reasons may exist to protect an industry during its infant phase.
In short, trade can bring countries benefits to exploit their comparative advantage, reap the benefits of scale economies and ensure competition, greater variety and, potentially, more stable markets and prices. Some sections of the community within the country, however, are influenced badly and need adjustment from the government.

•  "Free trade is good for some but bad for others" Discuss this statement
Free trade means allowing international business to conduct themselves without barriers such as tariffs, duties, quotas and others. The question of whether free trade is good or bad is not a question that can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no”. This essay looks into this issue in both sides.
 In theory, free trade is benefit for everyone and all countries. Free trade would enhance international investment, encourage economic development in developing countries, buying cheaper products to consumers, creation jobs and increase world trade and output generate. For example, Vietnam exports clothe which have a comparative advantage about labor and imports high-technology products from US. If free trade acts, the world have more products and they would be cheaper for everyone.
However, some of the developing countries claim that free trade is not fair. They cannot compete on equal terms against already developed countries that owed huge capital, economies of scale, high technology, high standard labor and others. For example, if Vietnam adopt free trade, car‘s local company will be suffer and overshadowed by their international competitors such as Toyota, Ford, BMW, Audi, etc. In addition, all labor intensive industries move to developing countries to use cheap labor force leaving people in developed countries without job. For instance, …
To sum up,…
•
•

• "Everyone benefits from free trade!" Discuss

Everyone in the “value chain” benefits from fair trade. Here is a breakdown of the benefactors:

Producers:

Producers become partners with retailers or wholesalers, and stop being “assets” of corporations. They are paid a fair wage for their work and work in a safe environment. They are encouraged to be proud of what they do, and are treated with respect and honesty.

In addition, farmers and artisans are educated about the international markets and trends. This helps them understand what they are doing and why they are doing it. They are able to make products that align with the taste of the end-consumers in North America, Europe or the Pacific Rim. Eventually, they are able to become self-sustainable and can grow their partner/customer base.

Moreover, they benefit from the development help that some wholesalers and retailers give them. The disadvantaged farmers and artisans are aided with advanced payments, access to micro-credit, health insurance or other social projects, so that they have a basic level of development. This provides them with a platform from which they can improve their lifestyle and rise above poverty. At the same time, it makes them more efficient, and it empowers them so that they can participate in global trade without worrying too much about their financial security, health or safety.


Conscious Middlemen:

Sales of eco-friendly and fairly traded products are growing in the United States as consumers begin to ask where their products are coming from, what types of materials they are made out of and whether their purchases are making a difference in the world. This increase in demand of socially and environmentally responsible products benefits wholesalers and retailers of fair trade. Many of these companies (for-profit and non-profit) have experienced growth, even in times of recession.
At the same time, wholesalers and retailers have a chance to participate in a market-based solution to poverty. They develop meaningful relationships with producers and customers, which allows them to feel a sense of self-realization and peace of mind.

Finally, retailers and wholesalers who participate in the fair trade or green industries benefit from a positive image. This helps increase customer loyalty and draws positive attention from the public and the press, further increasing the popularity of the fair trade movement.


End-Customers:

End-customers can find satisfaction in fair trade products across different dimensions. The first and way is by feeling the gratification of participating in a movement where every dollar spent counts as a vote. This vote reflects the customers’ choice to support ethical companies and make a difference in the life of a farmer or an artisan.

Secondly, customers are able to get a unique item. The handmade nature of many crafts, either ornamental or functional (like a laptop bag) make them different from anything else. At the same time, the manufactured goods can be of great quality, since artisans make them in favorable conditions, motivating them to give it their best effort. Moreover, natural and recycled materials are used, making many products environmentally friendly and safe to use.



"While protectionism is bad, the World Trade Organisation preference for the use of tariffs over quotas as a protectionist device is extremely sensible." Discuss.
Introduction:  Protectionism is the policy of using coercion to restrict imports of foreign goods. some people think that while protectionism is not good, the World trade organisation priority for the use of tariffs over quotas as protectionist device is extremely sensible. Personally, I think that it is not exactly in all cases.
Body:
• A tariff is essentially a tax. It raises the price of an imported good, making it more expensive than similar domestic goods..
+ Using tariffs have some advantages :
• it reduces the competition in the country so small firms can stay and provide jobs ( increase demand for domestic products while reducing the volume of imports)  balance of trade deficit is made less prominent
• prices of imports become expensive so people would opt for local goods
• tariff is a kind of tax, so it is still a source of income for the government   (Tariffs also provide a source of revenue for the country levying them)
+ However, although Tariffs raise the price of imports, This impacts consumers in the country applying the tariff in the form of costlier imports. When trading partners retaliate with their own tariffs, it raises the cost of doing business for exporting industries. Some analyst believe that tariffs cause a decrease in product quality. Businesses look for ways to cut production costs to account for tariffs. Tariffs are more transparent and easier to administer than quotas. This makes it easier for trading partners to negotiate them down or eliminate them.
• A quota is a limit on volume of imported products. Depending on the country, this limit may be expressed as a percentage of sales of certain products or a limit on the number of units sold.
+ Advantages of quotas:
• Quotas are usually employed to protect infant industries and keep market entry costs low for domestic producers. Often the quotas last long after the industry has matured.
•  Other uses for quotas are to protect strategic industries such as defense and agriculture. In market environments where imports are on the rise, quotas are more protective than tariffs.
+ Disadvantages of quotas:
• When one country uses quotas, its trading partners do the same and cite the same reasons. The end result is less exporting opportunity for all producers and higher prices for all consumers.
• Quotas are also cumbersome for the country using them. They require a lot of paperwork indicating exact amounts of products for each country facing a quota. It is also difficult to measure the precise degree of protection quotas offer.
• High tariffs and quotas can result in trade wars between nations. For example, The European Union and China were involved in a trade dispute over textiles that delayed an agreement that expired in 2005. The United States' high tariffs on auto parts are said to be a sticking point in a number of trade agreement negotiations. These disagreements hurt the incomes of each country involved in the disputes. Trade only works when countries import and export. Therefore, using tariffs or quotas depend on conditional economic in every nation.

What are the key principles underlying the operation of the WTO? To what extent do these principles make economic sense?
Introduction:
WTO stand for World trade organization which dealing with the rules of trade between nations at a global or near-global level. Nowaday, WTO plays a important role in the world. It has many principles underlying the  operation to make economic sense.
    Body:
The key principles underlying the operation of the WTO:
• Trade without discrimination:
+ most-favoured-nation: treating other people equally. Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their partners.
+ For example, countries can set up a free trade agreement that applies only to goods traded within the group discriminating against goods from outside. Or they can give developing countries special access to their markets. Or a country can raise barriers against products that are considered to be traded unfairly from specific countries.
+ Nation treatment: treating foreigners and locals equally. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents.
• Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation. Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively. From time to time other issues such as red tape and exchange rate policies have also been discussed.
Predictability: through binding and transparency. Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade barrier can be as important as lowering one, because the promise gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities. With stability and predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competition — choice and lower prices. The multilateral trading system is an attempt by governments to make the business environment stable and predictable

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of international trade?
EX1:
Introduce:
The twenty first century is the century of globalization and the international economic integration. Almost countries in the world trade with foreign ones and international trade plays an important role in the growth of their economy. However, trade with other country is not always good, like the other thing, it has own advantages and disadvantages.
Body:
• Paragraph 1: international trade makes the product in each country’s market become more various than self-sufficiency.
• Through international trade, the goods are transferred among countries so this gives the customer a wider range of choice. They can consume the goods which are not produced in their country.
• Example: the Vietnamese can use a Japanese car instead of one manufactured in Vietnam.
• Paragraph 2: Trade with other countries gives more job opportunities for the people.
• Joining into the international trade means that the company can expand their market and their production activities. Therefore, they need more the employee. As a result, the unemployment rate is decreased.
• Paragraph 3: in contrary, while doing business with the foreign, the country have to face with risk of trade barriers.
•  Many countries proposed some policy to protect their fledging industry, such as tariff, quota, dumping, etc. These policies make many difficult to the country, who trade with them.
• Besides, the domestic goods cannot compete with the foreign ones about the qualities, the design, etc. It can cause the situation that the domestic production has decreased and many companies stand in the brink of bankrupt.
EX2:
International trading has become very important for every country of the world - be
it big or small, developing nation or developed nation. However, it still exist some
disadvantages.
To start, advantages include greater variety of goods available for consumers.
International trade brings in different varieties of particular production which must
be adapt international standards from different destinations. Thus, consumers have
wide range of choices . Besides, International trade maintains closer relations
among countries. For examples, countries within borders can import or export
goods from or to others. Morover, technical knowledge is shared. International trade
also includes increase of local employment. This will help countries bring down
their unemployment rates. Finally, international trade support countries in monetery
gains and utilization of resouces since countries tend to produce goods in which
they have a comparative advantage.
Disadvantages include production at the local level may suffer. Local companies
may be outdone by the competitors internationally. Finally, dependence on another
country could be considered a disadvantage.
While international trade has benefits, it also presents problems. Firstly, Foreign
trade may lead to import of harmful goods like cigarrettes, drug. Which may run the
health of the residents of the country. Secondly, it leads to intensive cultivation of
land and can also result in destruction and exhaustion of natural resource. Morover,
it brings danger of starvation because food of a country might depend on foreign
country. Besides, international trade causes restricted growth of home industries.
Foreign trade may discourage the growth of domestic industries. Unrestricted
imports and foreign competition might pose a threat to the survival of infant and
upcoming industries in the country. Dumping policy of developed nations may
cause harm to underdeveloped nations. To sump up, it is important to have deep
knowledge about benefits and problems of international trade to have right methods
for developing economies.


• What are the advantages of international trade to businesses?
EX1:
International trade allows countries to exchange good and services with the use of money as a medium of exchange. Several advantages can be identified with reference to international trade. However international trade does have its limitations as well.
Greater variety of goods available for consumption– international trade brings in different varieties of a particular product from different destinations. This gives consumers a wider array of choices which will not only improve their quality of life but as a whole it will help the country grow.

• Efficient allocation and better utilization of resources since countries tend to produce goods in which they have a comparative advantage. When countries produce through comparative advantage, wasteful duplication of resources is prevented. It helps save the environment from harmful gases being leaked into the atmosphere and also provides countries with a better marketing power.

• Promotes efficiency in production as countries will try to adopt better methods of production to keep costs down in order to remain competitive. Countries that can produce a product at the lowest possible cost will be able to gain a larger share in the market. Therefore an incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help standards of the product to increase and consumers will have a good quality product to consume.

• More employment could be generated as the market for the countries’ goods widens through trade. International trade helps generate more employment through the establishment of newer industries to cater to the demands of various countries. This will help countries bring down their unemployment rates.
EX2:
International trade has flourished over the years due to the many benefits it has offered to different countries across the globe.  International trade has many benefits, some of which are more obvious than others. Detailed below are some main one.
First of all, when trading internationally the “universe” of potential clients and suppliers will increase significantly. In all likelihood, this will probably be much easier than trying to expand your market place in your “home” country.
Second, the idea that a business relies solely on one market and directs all its resources into a single currency may prove to be more risky than it may first seem. Your home market could contract or even disappear, but your business may be saved by the business it generates overseas.
Third, as well as seeing increased sales, you may well enjoy better margins. Pricing pressure could be less and it could also reduce seasonal market fluctuations.
Fourth, when working with companies overseas, both you and your customer will want to execute the transaction in the safest and most efficient manner possible. This reduces payment risk and may well help your working capital.
And finally, the ability to stand out amongst competitors is a crucial factor in business. When there are fewer competitors, this task is made easier. This will in turn boost sales potential and allow your business to flourish.
In conclusion, the international trade accounts for a good part of a country’s gross domestic product. It is also one of important sources of revenue for a developing country.


• Globalization makes rich countries richer and poor countries poorer. Do you agree?
EX1
Introduction:
Globalization is an essential process to occur in the country. It generally brings a lot of opportunities for countries. However, it’s extremely difficult challenge given that countries must overcome if they want to maintain their economic and social regime. One of them is the division between rich and poor brought by globalization.
Body:
Rich people take advantages of opportunity to develop their business so getting richer
Globalization process requires high knowledge of human resources. Due to the poor people’s low knowledges, they do not meet the need of jobs. Therefore they are easy to be unemployed and their life is more difficulft
Conclusion
Everything has two sides and the process of globalization is not the exception. We can not deny the benefits that it can bring, just limit the negative impact it causes only
EX2:
Globalization is a vital process in the world and is defined by the spread and integration of people, goods, finance, knowledge and culture across the planet. Although globalization takes a lot of the advantages in the economic, it also has many negative effects. Many people think that globalization results in a significant gap of living standard between the rich and the poor countries. In my view, I totally agree with the statement because of many evidences in our life.
In the first place, although globalization enable developing countries to increase their economic growth, it is not actually true in all cases. In the past two decades, China and India have grown faster than the already rich nations. However, countries like Africa still have the highest poverty rate and the lowest growth rates at 0% on the period.
Moreover, rich countries may influence political and economical matters in other countries and gain control over weaker nations whenever developed countries help the developing nations. For example, IMF demanded the scale of water to foreign owner after giving financial aid to Tanzania which leaded to the worse poverty problem in this county.
Last but not least, due to globalization, infant industries in the local countries have negative effects. Many local brands and business go bankrupt and cannot survive because they cannot compete against international companies.





Banking
• For hundreds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in technology, the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.’ Discuss the extent to which you agree/ disagree with the expression above. Support your point of view with reasons/ examples from your own experience, observations or reading.

Many people think that the monetary system should be based on the exchange of metals coins and printed pieces of paper as it has been done for hundreds of years. However, some think that the system of entire coins and paper should be replaced with a system of electronic credits and debits. They think that as the world has acknowledged many developments in technology, the international community should replace the old system with a new electronic system. I completely agree with the latter group of people that there should be replacement of coins and paper with a new system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.
Firstly, I feel that the system of monetary exchange involving metal coins and printed pieces of paper has been outdated. There are many disadvantages of the older system such as it is very time consuming. For instance, if there has to be trade between to foreign countries, then monetary exchange with the help of coins and papers is very time consuming. Instead, if new electronic system of debit and credit is used, then within the transaction would be completed within a matter of minutes.
Moreover, there is a lot of difference between the time that was hundred years ago and time present time. At present there is no value for old metal coins and printed pieces of paper, therefore the old monetary exchange system will not prevail in today’s international market. In addition to this, if there has to be trade between two foreign countries, then it would be difficult to exchange one county’s metal coins or printer paper material with other because each country has its own monetary value.
Secondly, there are many advantages with regard to the new system of electronic monetary exchange. One among them is that there will be less fraud and illegal cases with a system of debits and credits as all the transactions will be automatically stored and can also be protected with the help of passwords. Similarly, a lot of secret matter of a company or organization can be hided with the help of electronic codes. Different countries having different currency values can easily have trade with each other as electronic medium solves the exchange issue easily. The transactions between many countries can be done in a less time which is a boon for international community.
In conclusion, while there are many arguments to be made for both the sides of the situation. I feel there are more advantages to the one I stated. With the help of clear reasons I feel that the old system of monetary exchange with the help of coins and papers should be replaced with a new electronic system of debit and credits.
Bài 2:
In my opinion, the system of coins and paper shouldn't be entirely replaced with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debts, even though the explosion in technology is exponential. Though the recent developments in technology have undoubtedly brought about dramatic changes in many aspects of the society. They helped put humans on the moon, totally revised people's conceptions of space and time, brought tremendous comforts and conveniences to people. However, we cannot take it for granted that technology changes everything in our life.

First Of all, the traditional monetary system has deeply rooted in almost all societies. People have long been used to coins and paper money as a medium of exchange and a standard of value. Even in highly developed countries in terms of technology' like the ones in the European community, when they were considering adopting a common monetary system named Euro at the turn of the 21st century, they continued in the use of coins and paper and spent a lot of money in designing and producing them.

Secondly, developments in technology may have brought great convenience to people, but convenience is not the only underlying standard or cause for such changes as dramatic as the entire replacement of the existing monetary system. Such a system, like many other systems in a society such as language system, political system, has a cultural, historical and social background, and therefore becomes difficult, and sometimes impossible to change.

Thirdly, technology isn't always foolproof. Disasters involving high-tech like the spaceship Challenger and Chernobyl nuclear station still cast shadow on people. In recent years, it becomes not very uncommon for us to hear about various computer viruses as well as computer crimes. Not a single bank can afford the viruses and crimes in their network.

At last, there are emotional factors that cannot be ignored in this case. People have just developed a certain feeling towards coins and paper money. They see coins and paper money as concrete, tangible and as inviting as gold, silver and diamond. While credit cards seem to be more functional than sensational. Besides, the entire replacement of the present coins and paper money system will inevitably hurt millions of coin-collectors as well as those so-called "high-tech phobic people", who feel at a loss when dealing with such things as ATM, computer network and the Internet.

In sum, although theoretically the replacement may bring convenience to people and can avoid certain problems, in practice, the recent developments in technology can only change some aspects of the existing monetary system, not the entire one.

• Many people are using credit cards or loans to run up personal debts that they may be unable to repay. It should therefore be made difficult for individuals to borrow large amount of money. What is your opinion on this?
Intro
It is unarguable that nowadays, credit card is becoming more and more popular. Many people use them and some people have to have at least two. However, a lot of people say that “Using credit cards or loans makes lavish private liability that individual cannot pay for, which create more difficulties people to borrow cash from banks” I strongly agree with this argument and in this essay I will show you more detailed about it.

Body
First of all, now people can have a credit card or debit card easily. Most banks usually encourage their customers create new card and it also make individual feel more convenient especially with their shopping. Unfortunately, people often use money, which is bigger than the real money that have.

Second, when the bank releases loan for one ineffective personal idea, it makes the number of their unrepay debt increase. Therefore, it is more difficult for people to borrow the large money from bank.

To sum up, using credit cards and loans from bank may not only make you more convenient but also provide an opportunity for your business idea but it also create your private liability become huger. So individual should think carefully and clearly before borrowing money from bank.



• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using credit cards?

Introduction:  Nowaday, Credit card is used popularly . A credit card allows you to borrow money to pay for things. Everything has two sides and using credit card has advantages and disadvantages.
Body:
• Firstly, there are many advantages when you using credit cards:
+ advoiding the risk of carrying cash. For example, for large purchases, you do not have to withdraw a large amount from your bank and carry it arround while shopping because you run the risk of being robbed
+ a credit card is easy, convenient and safe than carrying so much cash in your bag or pocket.
+ Convinient online purchases. Some credit card companies have begun issuing extension cards exclusively for your online purchase. This separates your online purchases from the purchases done with your main credit card. This card usually has a smaller fraction of your total credit limit.
+  Cash Advance. You could get some cash from your credit card. Just stick it into your ATM machine and key in your pin; or go inside the bank and file a cash advance at the counter.
+ Other Benefits Most cards offer other perks such as travel insurance, extended warranty plan, roadside assistance, travel planning, international travel emergency assistance and even personal concierge services. Take the time to look through the fine print that came with your credit cards. You’ll probably find a few features that could be useful.

• Although using credit cards has many advantages, there are a lot of disadvantages:
+ The biggest disadvantage is that they are inviting cardholders to spend more money that they don’t yet have. It is far too easy to spend more than you can afford using a credit card. Most credit cards do not ask you to pay off your balance each month.  While this may feel like “free money" at the time, you will absolutely must to pay it off.  The longer you wait, the more money you will lose with interest which accrues every day until you pay the balance.
+ Credit cards can be stolen, as can cash. They may be physically stolen or someone may steal your credit card number from a website, over the phone etc. The good news is that, unlike cash, if you find your card has been stolen and you inform your credit company instantly, you will not pay for purchases that somebody else has made.
+ Credit cards issue a monthly spending limit. While they are mostly high, if you exceed it, you may face even bigger charges. Therefore, if a credit card is not used wisely , people can get into debt or even bankruptcy.


Many people who work in the banking and finance industries earn very much more than nurses, teachers and other people who work for their local communities. Some people think this is unfair. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answers and include any relevant examples from your knowledge or experience.
Introduction: banking and finance companies are more popular in recent years. A large number of people appy for working there and earn a lot of money, which is far from that of nurses, teachers and others for their local communities. Some people think it is fair while against this idea. Personally, I think that it sound resonable because of some following reasons.
Body:
• Firstly, someone believes that they should be equally paid in any job. All of them always try hard to work, it is unfair to pay more for bankers with the same duties. However, reality has shown that no where do the clients have to work under more high pressure than banks. Their work requires them to be concentrate and accurate, any mistake can lead to serious problems, which even puts them in prison. Moreover, although banks often close at 4.30 pm, hardly can their staffs leave there before 7pm, which may afect their time for families or put their health at risk. In short, banking is a hard job.

- Equally important, it is also often said that banking and finance industries are mainly related to money. Their staffs only have to lend money to those in need and keep money safe for their customers. Nevetheless, in fact, it is not quite simple like that. Not only do banks control the flow of money in and out, they also invest money in some fields to gain profit. Therefore, their staffs always have to think about and investigate to find out who, which, where and how are suitable for them to use their capital most effectively. Besides, only when understanding carefully about banking and finance can the bankers persuade customers to use their services. Not everyone can do those tasks without knowledge in this field. It is true to say that it is a mental work.
( bài này tớ thấy hay nên paste vào cho mọi người đọc tham khảo nhé

• How do banks facilitate the workings of modern life?
EX1:
Banks play very important role in the economic life of the nation. The health of the economy is closely related to the soundness of its banking system.
  First of all, modern banks are very useful for the utilization of the resources of the country. The banks are mobilizing the savings of the people for the investment purposes. In this way they become very effective partners in the process of economic development. The savings are encouraged and saving rate increases. If there would be no banks then a great portion of a capital of the country would remain idle.
  Secondly, a bank as a matter of fact is just like a heart in the economic structure and the capital provided by it is like blood in it. Although banks create no new wealth but their lending and related activities facilitate the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of wealth. Loan facility provided by banks works as an incentive to the producer to increase the production.
  Thirdly ,it is most through banks that foreign trade is carried on. Whether we export or import, it is through banks that money is transferred from one country to another. For example, bills of exchange and letters of credit are the regular ways banks use to transfer money.
 In summary, banks facilitate the workings of modern life by promoting savings, investment, and foreign trade. Modern trade and commerce would almost be impossible without the availability of suitable banking services.
EX2:
A bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through capital markets. Due to their influence within a financial system and an economy, banks facilitate the workings of modern life.
Firstly, Commercial banking can help a small business by making it easier to manage day-to-day financial tasks. An established commercial account with a bank will make it easier to borrow money when you grow your business. Often a business is assigned a representative who works directly with the company to find the best services and solutions for the issues the business is facing. For example, the company may save money by outsourcing payroll processing. Banks also offer invoicing services, with personalized invoices, and can set up transfers to other banks which will simplify accounting procedures.

Secondly, some banks offer retirement account management for your employees as well as other employee benefits. This can save you money, and make it easier to manage all of the services you offer employees.

Thirdly, some banks allow you to make deposits online by scanning checks. Your bank may offer you discount on your merchant services fees.
Commercial banking allows you to set up direct deposits for your employees as well as for any invoices you need to pay to others, which will save you time.

• What are roles of banks in international trade?

Banking section including commercial bank and central bank plays important role in internalation trade. Today almost all major banks have offices in major cities around the world. Many banks have formed colloboration with banks in other countries to better serve their international business community. Banks form a bond of trust between buying and selling transactions in international market. For individual banks offer services like foreign exchange, traveler’s check, electronics transfer. For businesses bank plays ar ole of trusty agent by offering services like ‘Documentary Collection’ and ‘Letter of Credit’.
The primary function of a central bank is to manage the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. In general, central bank effect indirectly on international trade.          
One of the problem international businesses encountering doing business internationally is lack of trust. With the help financial devices commercial banks are able for a bond of trust between internalional buyers and sellers. In commercial methods like ‘Commercial Collection’ and ‘Letter of Credit’ banks act as agents to handle payments as well as relevant documents. Letter of Credit is most wide acceptable and used method of doing international transactions. Some banks and government agencies offer export credit insurance to businesses. In some cases, exporter has to forgo a letter of credit, in such cases banks offer export credit insurance.
           Foreign exchange market is another area where international commercial banks play vital role. Foreign exchange market serves two main functions, convert the currency of one country into the currency of another and provide some insurance against foreign exchange risk. Multinational corporations constantly need various currencies for their operations and to hedge against foreign exchange risk. International banks provide foreign exchange services to their commercial business clients to complete their business transactions. These banks act as a broker between commercial customer and foreign exchanges around the world.
            Many commercial banks offers short as well as long term loan financing to internaltional businesses. Many countries have form banks backed by government fundings to provide fundings for exporters and importers. In United States, Export-Import bank, an independent agency of the US government, provides financial aid to faciliate export and import of goods. Eximbank also guarantees repayment of loans US commercial banks make to foreign borrowers for purchasing US exports.
 Banking sector plays vital role of catalysts in international market. Due to technology advances in banking sector, communiciation gap and delays in international business have really narrow down a lot.


 Financing international trade
• Documentary credit is often used to finance international trade. Why is it chosen so widely? Are there any risks or disadvantages for the exporter and the importer when they decide to use documentary credit?
Documentary credit is often used to finance international trade. Despite being widely chosen,  there are few risks for the exporter and the importer when they decide to use documentary credit.
As can be seen, Documentary Credit is often referred to as a Letter of Credit. This is an undertaking issued by an overseas bank to a UK exporter through a bank in the UK, to pay for the goods provided that the exporter complies fully with the conditions established by the Doocumentary Credit. Additional security can be obtained by obtaining the “confirmation” of a UK bank to the transaction, thereby transferring the responsibility from the importer’s bank overseas to a more familiar bank in the country of the exporter.
Documentary Credit is used widely for some reasons. First, importer is assured that the Exporter will be paid only if all terms and conditions of the Letter of Credit have been met. Then, Importer is able to negotiate more favourable trade terms with the Exporter when payment by Letter of Credit is offered.
There are, however, very few risks for the exporter because the potential problem areas of the buyer risk and country risk can be eliminated. Yet the exporter must present the correct documents and comply fully with the terms and conditions of the credit. Failure to do so could result in the exporter losing the protection of the credit.
In short, Letters of credit are among the most secure instruments available to international traders. With the cash-in-advance payment method, the exporter can avoid credit risk or the risk of nonpayment, since payment is received prior to the transfer of ownership of the goods.



• Someday paper money and coins will be replaced by credit cards and online methods of monetary exchange. Do you agree or disagree?

Many people think that the monetary system should be base on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper as it has done for hundreds of years. However, some think that the entire system of electronic accounts of credit and debit will replace the old system. In my opinion, I totally agree with the latter group of people.
Firstly, making purchase with electronic currency would be simply, fast and convenient. There would be no need to carry cash and no need for cashier to collect it. For example, in supermarkets, instead of pay by cash, we can use these pumps to save time for customer and saves money for the business.
Secondly, it is potential to eliminate illegal monetary transactions. Traffickers of illegal arms and drugs, dealers in black market contra band, and counterfeiter all rely on tangible currency to conduct their activities. By using electronic accounts, illegal transactions such as these would be much easier to track and record.
Third, although coin and printed pieces of paper has long term existence, it has many disadvantages. For example, people need bring a lot of coins and cash to pay a big invoice.


• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with using credit card.

In the current financial and economical market there have been changes over the past few years to alter money from the tangible form to the electronic form, thus making purchases and the general flow of the economy smoother. Credit cards have become a very significant part of people's lives, almost all households in the United States have at least a single credit. Credit cards have many advantages that can be utilized by people, however there are also many disadvantages and hidden issues with credit cards.
The first advantage of using a credit card would be speed and efficiency. Credit cards can simply be swiped and confirmed and then the sale is complete. There is no tangible transference of money between the seller and the client. One people can also access their money from anywhere on the globe and they can utilize as much money as necessary up to the credit limit. This makes credit cards very useful for dealing with payments that are not expected.
Manageability is also a positive result of a credit card. It makes it very simple to track purchases and credit card activity. One can go online to their banking website; pay bills, and complete bank account transactions. This is much easier then collecting hundreds of receipts and following up in a checkbook. It also has the capability of providing the user with information via e-mail that an account has this much left before the credit limit, or that there is an error with the account. Moreover, credit cards also protect against fraud.
There are also several disadvantages that come from using a credit card. One of these disadvantages would be cost. Credit cards in general have very high interest rates; in comparison to loans and alternate means of financing. So people who do not pay their credit card bill on-time end up paying high amounts of interest.
Another disadvantage would be ease of spending. Ease of spending results often times in over spending due to impulsive purchases. People assume because they do not have to pay their bill today that it will be ok when the time comes to pay it. However people who impulsive buy and procrastinate paying off a credit card bill often spend more money than they have..
Overall credit cards a very important part of our economy now, and will continue to be. There are many advantages and an equal amount of disadvantages. Credit cards make spending easier, they provide for a simpler way of spending large quantities of money in a short period of time; so people do not have to walk around with hundreds of dollars in their pockets.

• Why is letter of credit the commonest method of payment in international trade?
EX1:
How to pay or be paid becomes a crucial choice as soon as you begin doing business across borders. When you do business internationally, there are ways of paying that you might never hear about when doing business in just one country. There are a lot of method of  payment in intertraditional trade but the commonest method is letter of credit.
Letters of credit are the most common method of payment in international trade as they provide protection to both parties involved in the transaction. They are issued by the international department of a chartered bank, usually that of the exporter and state all the terms and conditions that the exporter must meet before collecting the specified amount. If the conditions are met, the bank promises to pay the exporter. Letters of credit specify the documentation needed for customs clearance as well as details of any other terms associated with the sale (e.g., packaging changes or translated literature).
A letter of credit may be revocable or irrevocable. Irrevocable letters of credit are preferable because they cannot be canceled unilaterally and therefore greatly reduce the risk of non-payment. The exporter can also ask the bank that will be transferring the funds, usually the exporter's own bank, to confirm the letter of credit. This means that the bank guarantees payment upon the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement by the exporter. This confirmation provides additional assurance that the exporter will be paid.
EX2:
Introduce:
With the development of international trade, many methods of payment in foreign trade appeared, such as open account, the letter of credit, bill of collection and advantage payment. Among them, L/C is the commonest way. It is because L/C has many advantages which other methods do not.
Body:
• Paragraph 1: L/C is one of the safest methods of payment.
• It guarantees payment upon presentation of the documents specified in the terms of credit.
• The exporter can reduce the risk of non-payment for delivered goods.
• Paragraph 2: the document credit gives the importer some advantages.
• The importer has not to pay in full for goods until shipment has been made and the documents are presented in good order.
• L/C can help the importer significantly reduce the risk connected with the seller not meeting its obligation.
• Paragraph 3: On the other hands, L/C has its own disadvantages.
• The goods shipped may not conform to the order of the importer.
• The buyer will waste some money and times for the compliant and solving that problem.
• The exporter has to strict compliant the condition of L/C. Unless that, the bank will not issue payment.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of letter of credit?
EX1
A letter of credit is an official document that provides guaranteed payment from a buyer to a seller. A buyer's bank typically draws up this letter and provides it to the seller's bank. A buyer's letter of credit offers significant advantages to both parties engaged in a transaction. International transactions may require a letter of credit because geographic disadvantage makes it harder to collect failed payments for goods and services.
• Buyers using a letter of credit can achieve better purchasing power from suppliers and vendors. The ability to shop around for the best price on resources allows you to develop a competitive advantage. Paying less for resources means you can produce goods or services for less than other companies, resulting in lower consumer prices for products. Purchasing power also helps a buyer negotiate costs among two or more suppliers to obtain lower costs.
A letter of credit can improve a buyer's credit worthiness. Banks will only provide a letter of credit to companies with good credit histories--giving one to a poorly run company that can't pay back its loans will damage the bank's reputation. Newer companies may find it difficult to obtain a letter of credit unless the business owner uses his personal credit in place of business credit.
• Sellers prefer buyers with a letter of credit because it guarantees payments, which is a significant advantage. Sellers may also be able to dictate terms to buyers using a letter of credit. Terms can include who pays for shipping or freight, time periods for payment and wire transfer information for payment. Consistent use of a letter of credit may reduce this requirement for your company in future transactions.
Risk
• Sellers often incur risk when engaging in business transactions. Risks include buyers who cannot pay or the loss of goods during shipment to the buyer. A letter of credit mitigates payment risks, as only reputable buyers engage in transactions with the seller. Additionally, sellers may require that a non-refundable down payment accompany the letter of credit to safeguard against future default by the buyer.
EX2:
• One of the main advantages that LC grants to business owners is the fact that they can be resold to financial institutions. Something that other documents do not allow.

- For the exporter, another advantage of LC is the fact that the exchange rates would remain the same as the ones shown in the original LC. Banks are more likely to have accurate information on exchange rates than the importing companies that you work with.

- The exporter is also in a more secure position in the availability of parallel foreign exchange payment of the sale because it is more likely that banks are more aware of the conditions and rules that change the importing company itself.

Some of the disadvantages of LC are:

- The main disadvantages are the fees charged by the importer's bank for issuing LC and the possibility that the letter of credit reduces the credit line to borrow from your bank.

- There are some risks that LC can only alleviate but not prevent.

Exposure to movements in the exchange rate: Fluctuations in exchange rates may affect the demand of the product of a foreign company, when the currency strengthens national product denominated in that currency become more expensive for foreign customers, which may cause a decrease in demand and therefore a decline in inflows of cash.

Corporations working abroad are also vulnerable to the economies of the countries to which they export their goods. Corporations need to do their own research before entering a new market because LC may not protect them from negative economic dynamics.

Exposure to political risk: When multinational corporations, establish subsidiaries in other countries are exposed to political risk, which represents political actions taken by the host government or the public that affect the cash flows of multinational corporations. Letters of Credit have advantages, disadvantages and risks. We will call them LC throughout this document.


• What are the advantages and disadvantages of open account method of payment?
EX1:
Introduction :
Open account is one of international trade method. An opening account transaction  means that the goods are shipped and delivered before payment is due, usually in 30 to 90 days. This method has advatage and disadvantages as everything has two sides.
Body:
Advantages : this is the most advantageous option to the importer in cash flow and cost terms
 It is possible to substantially mitigate the risk of nonpayment associated with open account trade by using such trade finance techniques as export credit insurance and factoring.
Exporters may also wish to seek export working capital financing to ensure that they have access to financing for both the production for export and for any credit while waiting to be paid.
Disadvantages:  it is consequently the highest risk option for an exporter. Because of the intense competition for export markets, foreign buyers often press exporters for open account terms.
In addition, the extension of credit by the seller to the buyer is more common abroad. Therefore, exporters who are reluctant to extend credit may face the possibility of the loss of the sale to their competitors.
Conclusion
Open account payment terms can make your export contract attractive to an overseas buyer, as they receive delivery of the goods and services before paying for them.
EX2:
• Saving time/ money for both exporter and importer as they deal directly with each other – not much involvement of banks
• this payment term involves the fewest restrictions and the lowest cost for the Buyer,
disadvantages:

• Under an open account payment method, title to the goods usually passes from the Seller to the Buyer prior to payment and subjects the Seller to risk of default by the Buyer
• there may be a time delay in payment, depending on how quickly documents are exchanged between Seller and Buyer.
• Is only used for transactions between exporters and importers which have already established a trust-worthy and long-term business relation.


Financial Statements
Financial education should be a mandatory component of the school program. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
It is an obvious fact that financial aspects are a major part of the daily life, as an adult and even as a young individual. Each of us has to make financial decisions concerning recreation, health, education and more. The question is whether to start with financial education as part of school program or to postpone it for a later stage in life.
To begin with, being able to understand the value of money, the way the economic system works and to interpret financial news and its implications is a virtue. Without this virtue, an individual, even a young one, might suffer to some extent. For an example, a child who doesn’t understand the concept of money might find it more difficult to except choosing only one present out of more possible ones.
In addition, many adults are lacking capability of financial analysis. Quite often, the reason can be the lack of sound foundations or insecurity when it comes to financial terms and concepts. Starting from an early age, building a strong background, can very likely prevent such situation.
However, financial education necessarily involves quantifying and setting prices and value for services and goods. It can easily turn young people into cynical human beings who lack emotion. Furthermore, a tendency to self-concentration and egoism might rise when one start measuring everything from a profit-making perspective.
In conclusion, financial education has both pros and cons. In my opinion, the advantages are more significant than the disadvantages, making financial education an advisable component of the school program. The disadvantages should be thought of as a certain price that young people have to pay due to the characteristics of the world that we live in.
36. Write an essay on the importance of financial statements of a company. Suggested points:
+ How many types of financial statements are there?
+ What purpose are they used for?
+ What are the features of each type?

Basically, there are four different types of financial statements. The different types of financial statements indicate the different activities occurring in a particular business house.
• Balance Sheet
• Income statement
• Statement of retained earnings
• Statement of cash flow or Cash flow statement

Balance sheet:
The balance sheet provides an insight into the financial status of a company at a particular time. The balance sheet, type of financial statement is different in comparison to the other types of financial statements. Other financial statements are prepared by taking into account the financial health of the company over a considerable span of time.
Income statements:
Also known as the P&L statement or the Profit And Loss Statement. This statement, ascertains the profit and loss of any business. This can be again of two types:
• Single Step Income Statement
• Multi Step Income Statement

Statements Of Retained earnings:
This financial statement denotes alterations in the title rights of equities, in any business.
Cash flow statement:
This statement highlights flow of cash over a period of time. The cash flow may be from investment activities, operations or financing activities.

cái ni nà, ở trong sách giáo trình trang 50, 51  nỏ có chi mới luôn, trên mạng dài dằng dặc, đọc đếch hiểu cái chi cả
 M&A
• Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Company Mergers and Acquisitions.
Intro
Advantages and disadvantages of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are determined by the short-term and long-term company strategic outlook of the new and acquiring companies. This is due to a host of factors including market conditions, differences in business culture, acquisition costs and changes to financial strength surrounding the corporate takeover.
Body
Pros and cons of mergers and acquisitions
• Operational and financial advantages of mergers and acquisitions. These advantages can include increased market share, lower cost of production, higher competitiveness, acquired research and development know how and patents
• Mergers and acquisitions can be costly due to the high legal expenses, and the cost of acquiring a new company that may not be profitable in the short run. This is why a merger or acquisition may be more of strategic corporate decision than a tactical maneuver. Moreover, if a poison pill unknowingly emerges after a sudden acquisition of another company's shares, this could render the acquisition approach very expensive and/or redundant. Others are
Legal expenses, Short-term opportunity cost, Cost of takeover, Potential devaluation of equity
,  Intangible costs…

• What are the reasons for the failure of many Mergers and Acquisitions?

Mergers and acquisitions may seem to be beneficial, resulting in the amalgamation of two conglomerates. They have been found to lead to cost cuts and increased revenues. However, mergers and acquisitions are not always successful and many factors are behind failure of them
The key for any successful mergers and acquisitions is the price which is paid for acquiring the company for purchasing the other company. Hence if any company pays for acquisition more than which it is worth it will naturally result in failure of merger and acquisition.
When the company takes too much debt so as to acquire other company it will result in huge future interest payments and hence most of the earnings of the merged company goes towards the payment of such interest charges and hence it puts lots of pressure on the company resulting in company making loss or lower profit than before.
One of the biggest issues which the companies face during mergers and acquisition is culture. No two companies can do the business in same way. The working and organization culture of every company is different. A company may be different from the other on the basis of the way they project themselves in the market, how they treat customers, suppliers and employees, how much freedom is given to the employees and so on. The merger or acquisition between two culturally different companies eventually leads to lower productivity if this issue is not addressed by the management right from the beginning.
Hence from the above one can see that company should keep above points in mind before doing mergers and acquisitions in order to make it successful and not a failure.

• Why are there high rates of failure of Mergers and Acquisitons?
Mergers and acquisitions activity are a key element of many firms' strategies to maximize value and create sustainable competitive advantage. Yet many acquisitions fail. Various studies have shown that mergers have failure rates of more than 50 percent, one recent study found that 83 percent of all mergers fail to create value. Acquisitions are complex and difficult to execute and manage successfully for some reason below.
 Firstly, conditions for the acquisition and merger of companies are difficult to assess. There are problems in selecting appropriate indices to make any assessment, as well as difficulties in deciding on a suitable measurement period. Typically, the criteria selected by analysts are profit-to-earning ratios, stock-price fluctuations, managerial assessments. But, with the inability to systematically, these criterias can not be assess accurately,  therefore, it leads mergers and acquisitions activity fail.
In addition, the evidence on M&A performance shows that a high proportion failure of M&As are financially unsuccessful.  Many research indicates that around half of mergers fail to meet financial expectations. A much-cited McKinsey study presents evidence that most organizations would have received a better return on their investment if they had merely banked their money instead of buying another company.
Another reason for the falure of M&A is cultural incompatibility which is always rated as the biggest barrier. Organizations stumble because of people and cultural differences.
In conclusion, the high rates of failure of Mergers and Acquisitons resuit from many reason such as difficult conditions, unsuccessful finance, different culture. In my point of view, the successful management of integrating people and their organizational cultures is the key to achieving desired M&A outcomes.
Exchange rates
"Forecasting exchange rates is essentially a waste of effort." Discuss
Topics for essay writing: Mọi người chú ý ôn kĩ mấy cái đề này nhé.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of international trade?
• What are the advantages of international trade to businesses? (bebe)
• Globalization makes rich countries richer and poor countries poorer. Do you agree?
• Why is letter of credit the commonest method of payment in international trade?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of letter of credit? (Trịnh Nhung)
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of open account method of payment?
• How do banks facilitate the workings of modern life?
• What are roles of banks in international trade?

• What makes an effective advertisement?
• In what ways can producers or retailers try to persuade customers to try new products?
• Explain the method of Mark-up price or the Cost-plus pricing
Introduction:
In the market with no competition, a company can use the valuation method cost-plus pricing, that is plus some money or a percentage of production costs and product distribution
Body:
Cost-plus pricing is used primarily because it is easy to calculate and requires little information. . Information on demand and costs is not easily available, managers have limited knowledge as far as demand and costs are concerned. This additional information is necessary to generate accurate estimates of marginal costs and revenues.
However, the process of obtaining this additional information is expensive. Therefore, cost-plus pricing is often considered the most rational approach in maximizing profits. This approach relies on arbitrary costs and arbitrary markups.
Conclusion
Im sumary, cost-plus pricing method is some firms just caculate the unit cost and add a percentage.

11. Explain what the Product mix pricing strategy is and give an example to illustrate your point.
A lot of companies have products with variants rather than than offering just a single version of the product. This is done to target different groups of consumers so that the company can get something out of every segment. For this Product Line Pricing is used in which their are different price marks which then vary on quality, features, and requirements. For examaple Dell the PC manufacturer makes a lot of different versions of its Pcs which then range from $269 to $25000.
Optional-Product pricing is often used with Product-line Pricing in order to sell more to the customers, this is mostly done by electronic companies who prompt you to buy accessories as well with your original product for a better experience. Dell again is another good example of this as when ever you buy a Dell you get options to buy other accessories such as mice, speakers, keyboards, storage devices, flash drives, printers, etc. Car manufacturers are practice this to increase revenues as they offer add-ons such as alloy wheels, cd changers, leather interior, spoilers, and other trim options.
Then there is Captive Product Pricing, which involves selling and making products that must be used along with the main product. Examples being; printer cartridges, video game cartridges, Razor blades, staples, computer software, or camera film(or memory cards these days).
Another clever strategy is By-Product Pricing in which the company sells its By-products at a very cheap rate in order to attract customers to buy the firms main products.
Most Customers are very much attracted when they see Bundle offers, a company may earn more revenue by selling different products in a bundle and giving discount on it, this way they will be able to sell more and give the customers more value. A very common examples is of restaurants which make food deals like Mc Donlads, KFC, Pizza Hut, all they do is bundle in a couple of their products discount them a little and that's its. The customer would be more willing to buy a set bundle rather than buying the same things separately. This is called Product Bundle Pricing.

Topics for essay writing
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of international trade?
International trading has become very important for every country of the world – be it big or small, developing nation or developed nation. However, it still exist some disadvantages.
To start, advantages include greater variety of goods available for consumers.International trade brings in different varieties of particular production which must be adapt international standards from different destinations. Thus, consumers have wide range of choices. Besides, International trade maintains closer relations among countries. For examples, countries within borders can import or export goods from or to others. Morover, technical knowledge is shared. International trade also includes increase of local employment. This will help countries bring down their unemployment rates. Finally, international trade support countries in monetery gains and utilization of resouces since countries tend to produce goods in which they have a comparative advantage.
While international trade has benefits, it also presents problems. Firstly, foreign trade may lead to import of harmful goods like cigarrettes, drug. Which may run the health of the residents of the country. Secondly, it leads to intensive cultivation of land and can also result in destruction and exhaustion of natural resource. Morover, it brings danger of starvation because food of a country might depend on foreign country. Besides, international trade causes restricted growth of home industries. Foreign trade may discourage the growth of domestic industries. Unrestricted imports and foreign competition might pose a threat to the survival of infant and upcoming industries in the country. Dumping policy of developed nations may cause harm to underdeveloped nations.
To sump up, it is important to have deep knowledge about benefits and problems of international trade to have right methods for developing economies.

2. What are the advantages of international trade to businesses?
International trade has flourished over the years due to the many benefits it has offered to different countries across the globe.  International trade has many benefits, some of which are more obvious than others. Detailed below are some main one.
First of all, when trading internationally the “universe” of potential clients and suppliers will increase significantly. In all likelihood, this will probably be much easier than trying to expand your market place in your “home” country. Second, the idea that a business relies solely on one market and directs all its resources into a single currency may prove to be more risky than it may first seem. Your home market could contract or even disappear, but your business may be saved by the business it generates overseas.Third, as well as seeing increased sales, you may well enjoy better margins. Pricing pressure could be less and it could also reduce seasonal market fluctuations.
Fourth, when working with companies overseas, both you and your customer will want to execute the transaction in the safest and most efficient manner possible. This reduces payment risk and may well help your working capital. And finally, the ability to stand out amongst competitors is a crucial factor in business. When there are fewer competitors, this task is made easier. This will in turn boost sales potential and allow your business to flourish.
In conclusion, the international trade accounts for a good part of a country’s gross domestic product. It is also one of important sources of revenue for a developing country.

3. Globalization makes rich countries richer and poor countries poorer. Do you agree?
Globalization is a vital process in the world and is defined by the spread and integration of people, goods, finance, knowledge and culture across the planet. Although globalization takes a lot of the advantages in the economic, it also has many negative effects. Many people think that globalization results in a significant gap of living standard between the rich and the poor countries. In my view, I totally agree with the statement because of many evidences in our life.
In the first place, although globalization enable developing countries to increase their economic growth, it is not actually true in all cases. In the past two decades, China and India have grown faster than the already rich nations. However, countries like Africa still have the highest poverty rate and the lowest growth rates at 0% on the period.
Moreover, rich countries may influence political and economical matters in other countries and gain control over weaker nations whenever developed countries help the developing nations. For example, IMF demanded the scale of water to foreign owner after giving financial aid to Tanzania which leaded to the worse poverty problem in this county.
Last but not least, due to globalization, infant industries in the local countries have negative effects. Many local brands and business go bankrupt and cannot survive because they cannot compete against international companies.

4. Why is letter of credit the commonest method of payment in international trade?

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of letter of credit?

With the development of international trade, many methods of payment in foreign trade appeared, such as open account, the letter of credit, bill of collection and advantage payment. Among them, L/C is the commonest way. It is because L/C has many advantages which other methods do not.
Body:
• Paragraph 1: L/C is one of the safest methods of payment.
• It guarantees payment upon presentation of the documents specified in the terms of credit.
• The exporter can reduce the risk of non-payment for delivered goods.
• Paragraph 2: the document credit gives the importer some advantages.
• The importer has not to pay in full for goods until shipment has been made and the documents are presented in good order.
• L/C can help the importer significantly reduce the risk connected with the seller not meeting its obligation.
• Paragraph 3: On the other hands, L/C has its own disadvantages.
• The goods shipped may not conform to the order of the importer.
• The buyer will waste some money and times for the compliant and solving that problem.
• The exporter has to strict compliant the condition of L/C. Unless that, the bank will not issue payment.

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open account method of payment?
Open account is one of international trade method. An opening account transaction means that the goods are shipped and delivered before payment is due, usually in 30 to 90 days. This method has advatage and disadvantages as everything has two sides.
Advantages: this is the most advantageous option to the importer in cash flow and cost terms. It is possible to substantially mitigate the risk of nonpayment associated with open account trade by using such trade finance techniques as export credit insurance and factoring.Exporters may also wish to seek export working capital financing to ensure that they have access to financing for both the production for export and for any credit while waiting to be paid.
Disadvantages:  it is consequently the highest risk option for an exporter. Because of the intense competition for export markets, foreign buyers often press exporters for open account terms.
In addition, the extension of credit by the seller to the buyer is more common abroad. Therefore, exporters who are reluctant to extend credit may face the possibility of the loss of the sale to their competitors.
Open account payment terms can make your export contract attractive to an overseas buyer, as they receive delivery of the goods and services before paying for them.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of FDI in Vietnam?
8. What are ways of making money on the foreign exchange market?
9. Offering low prices is always good. Do you agree?
10. Why do companies merge with each other?
11. Why is there a high percentage of failure of mergers and acquisitions?
Mergers and acquisitions activity are a key element of many firms' strategies to maximize value and create sustainable competitive advantage. Yet many acquisitions fail. Various studies have shown that mergers have failure rates of more than 50 percent, one recent study found that 83 percent of all mergers fail to create value. Acquisitions are complex and difficult to execute and manage successfully for some reason below.
  Firstly, conditions for the acquisition and merger of companies are difficult to assess. There are problems in selecting appropriate indices to make any assessment, as well as difficulties in deciding on a suitable measurement period. Typically, the criteria selected by analysts are profit-to-earning ratios, stock-price fluctuations, managerional assessments. But, with the inability to systematically, these criterias can not be assess accurately, therefore, it leads mergers and acquisitions activity fail.
In addition, the evidence on M&A performance shows that a high proportion failure of M&A are financially unsuccessful.  Many research indicates that around half of mergers fail to meet financial expectations. A much-cited McKinsey study presents evidence that most organizations would have received a better return on their investment if they had merely banked their money instead of buying another company. Another reason for the falure of M&A is cultural incompatibility which is always rated as the biggest barrier. Organizations stumble because of people and cultural differences.
In conclusion, the high rates of failure of Mergers and Acquisitons resuit from many reason such as difficult conditions, unsuccessful finance, differrent culture.In my point of view, the successful management of integrating people and their organizational cultures is the key to achieving desired M&A outcomes.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of FDI in Vietnam?
 * Advantages:
- Increase capital as well as high technologies for industries
- Apperance of new industries such as mobile phone manufacturing, chemical industry....
- Creat more jobs, then decrease the unemployment rate
* Disadvantages:
- Overseas corporations whose harmful production like checmical industry move to Vietnam and establish their factories here
- Pollution because of the waste from the factories dumping directly into rivers

8. What are ways of making money on the foreign exchange market?
- Arbitrage: use the differentials in foreign exchange rates to get profit
For example: buy USD at 20 000 VND/1 USD. When the exchange rate in the market increases to 21 000VND/ 1USD, the investor decides to sell and he can get 1 VND/1USD as his profit.
- Hedging: (giáo trình)
9. Offering low prices is always good. Do you agree?
=> partly agree
- Bring benefits to customers as well as manufacturers
+ Customers can buy goods at inexpensive price, buy more with the same quality
+ Manufacturers can sell more, get higher revenue, motivated to enhance the quality of the products
- There are more companies producing these goods => wide range of selections for customers
- But there will be a price war between manufacturers => decrease their profits
- Low price = low quality, customers are doubtful about these low-price products
10. Why do companies merge with each other?
-  Create stronger growth for both companies:
For example, a beer company may choose to buy out a smaller competing brewery, enabling the smaller company to make more beer and sell more to its brand-loyal customers.
-  Increase Supply-Chain Pricing Power: By buying out one of its suppliers or one of the distributors, a business can eliminate a level of costs.
+ If a company buys out one of its suppliers, it is able to save on the margins that the supplier was previously adding to its costs.
+ If a company buys out a distributor, it may be able to ship its products at a lower cost.
- Eliminate Competition: eliminate future competition and gain a larger market share in its product's market.
12. Why do businesses prefer arbitration?
- Usually cheaper than litigation.
 the process is quicker and generally less complicated than a court proceeding.
• Faster than litigation. the average time from filing to decision was about 475 days in an arbitrated case, while a similar case took from 18 months to three years to wend its way through the courts.
• Flexible. arbitration hearings can usually be scheduled around the needs and availabilities of those involved, including weekends and evenings.
- Private. Arbitration proceedings are generally held in private. And parties sometimes agree to keep the proceedings and terms of the final resolution confidential. Both of these safeguards can be a boon if the subject matter of the dispute might cause some embarrassment or reveal private information, such as a company's client list.
13.  What mode of transportation do you like to use? Why?
Air plane. Because:
•  faster => save time
• - safer => carefully handling
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of one of the ways that multinational companies use to break into a new market?
15. Why do businesses insure their goods against risks?
- Difficult to protect your goods while being transported from a country to another for a long distance => highly damaged by weather conditions, by fire, by human’s faults....
- Exporters usually deliver their goods through a carrier, they will be in charge of these cargoes
+ in case of damage, the compensation you receive will not be usually based on the value of the goods, but usually on their weight => lower than the real value
+ if you can not prove that it’s due to carrier’s fault, you will not be compensated
+ force majure, you get nothing
16.  What are roles of banks in international trade?
- As an intermediary between exporter and importer, provide payment services, protect both exporter and importer (L/c)
- Manage foreign exchange rate => fixed exchange rates
- Provide export guarantee